ABSTRACT
Resumo: O consumo da Ritalina® para o aprimoramento cognitivo vem aumentando no Brasil e no mundo, atraindo a atenção de diversos estudiosos que vêm discutindo as questões éticas envolvidas nesse consumo, denominado off-label, que ainda portam muitas controvérsias. O presente artigo apresenta algumas controvérsias referentes aos riscos e efeitos do consumo da Ritalina para fins de aprimoramento cognitivo, bem como as expectativas em relação ao futuro desse consumo. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa na qual foram entrevistados psiquiatras, propagandistas da indústria farmacêutica e consumidores destes medicamentos. Os resultados apontam para a centralidade do respaldo médico ao consumo, o que converge para as análises voltadas para a medicalização e farmaceuticalização da sociedade contemporânea; e para a prevalência da performance sobre o risco, em sintonia com os valores próprios à atualidade.
Resumen: El consumo de la Ritalin® para el mejoramiento cognitivo viene aumentando en Brasil y en el mundo, atrayendo la atención de varios estudiosos que vienen discutiendo las cuestiones éticas acerca de ese consumo, llamado off-label, que todavía genera muchas controversias. El presente artículo presenta algunas de esas controversias relativas a los riesgos y efectos del consumo de la Ritalina para fines del mejoramiento cognitivo, así como las expectativas en relación a ese consumo. Para ello, fue realizada una investigación en la cual se entrevistó a psiquiatras, propagandistas de la industria farmacéutica y consumidores de estos medicamentos. Los resultados apuntan a la responsabilidad al respaldo médico del consumo, lo que converge en el sentido de los análisis de la medicalización y farmaceuticalización de la sociedad contemporánea; y al predominio de la performance sobre el riesgo, en sintonía con los valores propios de la actualidad.
Abstract: Ritalin® consumption for cognitive enhancement has been increasing in Brazil and in the world, attracting the attention of several scholars who have been discussing the ethical issues involved in this consumption, called off-label, which still carry many controversies. This article presents some controversies regarding the risks and effects of Ritalin consumption for the purpose of cognitive enhancement, as well as the expectations regarding the future of this consumption. To do so, a survey was conducted in which psychiatrists, pharmaceutical industry propagandists and consumers of these drugs were interviewed. The results point to the centrality of medical support to consumption, which converges to the concepts of medicalization and pharmaceuticalization, used to characterized contemporary society; and also to the prevalence of performance over risk, in line with current values.
ABSTRACT
Abstract: Introduction: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transvestite, and transgender (LGBT) people are affected by prejudice and psychological, physical, and/or sexual violence due to their sexual orientation. Objective: To analyze the association between violence, drug use, and suicide in LGBT people. Method: We interviewed 316 LGBT people from two cities of the Brazilian Northeast by means of a structured instrument. This included questions about sociodemographic data, sexual orientation, type of violence, type and quantity of drugs consumed, and suicide. Results: There was a positive association between physical violence and anabolic consumption (p = .001) and tranquilizers (p = .012). In relation to psychological and verbal violence, there was a positive association with the use of tranquilizers (p = .021) and negative with the use of amphetamines (p = .027). Suicide attempts were associated with having experienced physical (p = .03) and sexual (p = .037) violence. Drug use, especially ecstasy, cocaine, marijuana, and tranquilizers, was also associated with suicide attempts (p = .002, p = .031, p < .001, p < .001, respectively). The participants who had already attempted suicide were more vulnerable to experience violence and consume drugs within 30 days prior to the interview (p < .001). Discussion and conclusion: Psychological/verbal violence showed to be associated with the use of amphetamines, while physical violence was associated with a higher consumption of tranquilizers and anabolic steroids. Suicide attempts were more common among participants who had suffered physical violence and who were users of substances such as ecstasy, cocaine, marijuana, and tranquilizers.
Resumen: Introducción: Las personas lesbianas, gays, bisexuales, travestis y transexuales (LGBT) se ven afectadas por juicios y violencia psicológica, física y/o sexual debido a su orientación sexual. Objetivo: Analizar la asociación entre violencia, uso de drogas y suicidio en personas LGBT. Método: Entrevistamos a 316 personas LGBT de dos ciudades del Noreste brasileño por medio de un instrumento estructurado. Esto incluyó preguntas sobre datos sociodemográficos, orientación sexual, tipo de violencia, tipo y cantidad de drogas consumidas y suicidio. Resultados: Se encontró una asociación positiva entre la violencia física y el consumo de anabólicos (p = .001) y tranquilizantes (p = .012). En relación con la violencia psicológica y verbal, hubo una asociación positiva con el uso de tranquilizantes (p = .021) y negativa con el uso de anfetaminas (p = .027). Los intentos de suicidio se asociaron con la violencia física (p = .03) y sexual (p = .037). El consumo de drogas, especialmente éxtasis, cocaína, marihuana y tranquilizantes, se asoció también con intentos de suicidio (p = .002, p = .031, p < .001, p < .001, respectivamente). Los participantes que ya habían intentado suicidarse eran más vulnerables a experimentar violencia y consumir drogas dentro de los 30 días previos a la entrevista (p < .001). Discusión y conclusión: La violencia psicológica/verbal se asoció con el uso de anfetaminas, mientras que la violencia física se asoció con un mayor consumo de tranquilizantes y esteroides anabólicos. Los intentos de suicidio fueron más comunes entre los participantes que habían sufrido violencia física y que consumían sustancias como el éxtasis, la cocaína, la marihuana y los tranquilizantes.
ABSTRACT
A prospective study was carried out, to identify the drug related problems and to prevent or to solve the negative outcomes associated with medication of the geriatric patients that consumed psychoactive drugs, who were hospitalized. The study was carried out according to the DADER Method of Pharmacotherapy Monitoring, adapted to the Hospital's environment and the theoretical rationale of the Third Consent of Granada was assumed, for the considerations related to the drug related problems and the negative outcomes associated with medication. Thirty five patients were included whose ages ranged between the 60 and 90 years. Thirty six negative associated outcomes were identified, in 34 patients that represented 97.14% incidence. A prevalence of the negative outcomes associated with the necessity was observed, followed by those associated with the security. The inadequate drug uses was the drug related problem that prevailed in the sample. The psychoactive drugs that were related with these results were mainly the anxiolytics, meprobamate and the neuroleptics. Some 82.35% of the interventions were accepted, achieving resolution of 47.06% of the negative outcomes associated with medication.
Foi realizada uma pesquisa de intervenção, prospectiva, a fim de identificar problemas relacionados aos medicamentos e evitar ou resolver resultados negativos daí decorrentes, em pacientes idosos que faziam uso de medicamentos psicotrópicos e que foram internados. O estudo foi realizado de acordo com o método DADER para o acompanhamento farmacoterapêutico e assumiram-se os pressupostos teóricos do III Consenso de Granada, as considerações relacionadas com os problemas dos fármacos e os resultados negativos associados à medicação. Foram incluídos 35 pacientes com idades entre 60 e 90 anos. Trinta e seis RM foram identificados em 34 pacientes representando incidência de 97,14% e a prevalência foi observada para os resultados negativos associados com a necessidade, seguidos por aqueles relacionados à segurança. O uso indevido de fármacos foi os problema mais frequente na amostra. Os psicofármacos mais implicados foram os ansiolíticos, meprobamato e neurolépticos. Das intervenções, 82,35% foram aceitas, alcançando 47,06% de resolução dos resultados negativos associados à medicação.